to_radix.test.cpp

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#include <cstdint>
#include <gmock/gmock.h>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
#include "barretenberg/aztec/aztec_constants.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/common/aztec_types.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/common/to_radix.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/constraining/flavor_settings.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/constraining/testing/check_relation.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/generated/relations/lookups_to_radix.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/generated/relations/lookups_to_radix_mem.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/generated/relations/perms_to_radix_mem.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/events/gt_event.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/events/range_check_event.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/gadgets/gt.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/gadgets/range_check.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/gadgets/to_radix.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/standalone/pure_gt.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/standalone/pure_memory.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/testing/mock_execution_id_manager.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/testing/mock_field_gt.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/testing/fixtures.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/testing/macros.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/tracegen/execution_trace.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/tracegen/gt_trace.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/tracegen/memory_trace.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/tracegen/precomputed_trace.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/tracegen/test_trace_container.hpp"
#include "barretenberg/vm2/tracegen/to_radix_trace.hpp"
 
namespace bb::avm2::constraining {
namespace {
 
using ::testing::Return;
using ::testing::StrictMock;
 
using tracegen::ExecutionTraceBuilder;
using tracegen::GreaterThanTraceBuilder;
using tracegen::MemoryTraceBuilder;
using tracegen::PrecomputedTraceBuilder;
using tracegen::TestTraceContainer;
using tracegen::ToRadixTraceBuilder;
 
using FF = AvmFlavorSettings::FF;
using C = Column;
using to_radix = bb::avm2::to_radix<FF>;
using to_radix_mem = bb::avm2::to_radix_mem<FF>;
using ToRadixSimulator = simulation::ToRadix;
 
using simulation::EventEmitter;
using simulation::GreaterThan;
using simulation::GreaterThanEvent;
using simulation::MockExecutionIdManager;
using simulation::MockFieldGreaterThan;
using simulation::NoopEventEmitter;
using simulation::PureGreaterThan;
using simulation::RangeCheck;
using simulation::RangeCheckEvent;
using simulation::ToRadixEvent;
using simulation::ToRadixMemoryEvent;
 
constexpr uint64_t MAX_MEM = AVM_MEMORY_SIZE;
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, EmptyRow)
{
    check_relation<to_radix>(testing::empty_trace());
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeBitsBasicTest)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    auto [bits, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_bits(FF::one(), 254);
 
    EXPECT_EQ(bits.size(), 254);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 254);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeBitsPMinusOne)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    auto [bits, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_bits(FF::neg_one(), 254);
 
    EXPECT_EQ(bits.size(), 254);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 254);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeBitsShortest)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    auto [bits, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_bits(FF::one(), 1);
 
    EXPECT_EQ(bits.size(), 1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 1);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeBitsPadded)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    auto [bits, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_bits(FF::one(), 500);
 
    EXPECT_EQ(bits.size(), 500);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 500);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeRadixBasic)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    FF value = FF::one();
    auto [bytes, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(value, 32, 256);
 
    auto expected_bytes = value.to_buffer();
    // to_buffer is BE
    std::reverse(expected_bytes.begin(), expected_bytes.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(bytes, expected_bytes);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 32);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeRadixPMinusOne)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    FF value = FF::neg_one();
    auto [bytes, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(value, 32, 256);
 
    auto expected_bytes = value.to_buffer();
    // to_buffer is BE
    std::reverse(expected_bytes.begin(), expected_bytes.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(bytes, expected_bytes);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 32);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeRadixOneByte)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    auto [bytes, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(FF::one(), 1, 256);
 
    std::vector<uint8_t> expected_bytes = { 1 };
    EXPECT_EQ(bytes, expected_bytes);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 1);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeRadixPadded)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    FF value = FF::neg_one();
    auto [bytes, truncated] = to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(value, 64, 256);
 
    auto expected_bytes = value.to_buffer();
    // to_buffer is BE
    std::reverse(expected_bytes.begin(), expected_bytes.end());
    expected_bytes.resize(64);
    EXPECT_EQ(bytes, expected_bytes);
    EXPECT_FALSE(truncated);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    EXPECT_EQ(trace.get_num_rows(), /*start_row=*/1 + 64);
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeBitsInteractions)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    to_radix_simulator.to_le_bits(FF::neg_one(), 254);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder to_radix_builder;
    to_radix_builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    tracegen::PrecomputedTraceBuilder precomputed_builder;
    precomputed_builder.process_misc(trace, NUM_RADIXES);
    precomputed_builder.process_sel_range_8(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_safe_limbs(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_p_decompositions(trace);
 
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_less_than_radix_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_fetch_safe_limbs_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_fetch_p_limb_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_p_diff_range_settings>(trace);
 
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, ToLeRadixInteractions)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(FF::neg_one(), 32, 256);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder to_radix_builder;
    to_radix_builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    tracegen::PrecomputedTraceBuilder precomputed_builder;
 
    precomputed_builder.process_misc(trace, NUM_RADIXES);
    precomputed_builder.process_sel_range_8(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_safe_limbs(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_p_decompositions(trace);
 
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_less_than_radix_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_fetch_safe_limbs_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_fetch_p_limb_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_p_diff_range_settings>(trace);
 
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, NegativeOverflowCheck)
{
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    std::vector<uint8_t> modulus_le_bits(256, 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
        modulus_le_bits[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(FF::modulus.get_bit(i));
    }
 
    ToRadixEvent event = { .value = FF::zero(), .radix = 2, .limbs = modulus_le_bits };
    std::vector<ToRadixEvent> events = { event };
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(events, trace);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix>(trace, to_radix::SR_OVERFLOW_CHECK),
                              to_radix::get_subrelation_label(to_radix::SR_OVERFLOW_CHECK));
}
 
TEST(ToRadixConstrainingTest, NegativeConsistency)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(FF(256), 32, 256);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        { { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 } },
    });
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
 
    // Disable the selector in the middle
    trace.set(Column::to_radix_sel, 6, 0);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix>(trace, to_radix::SR_TRACE_CONTINUITY),
                              to_radix::get_subrelation_label(to_radix::SR_TRACE_CONTINUITY));
 
    // Mutate the radix
    trace.set(Column::to_radix_radix, 5, 200);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix>(trace, to_radix::SR_RADIX_CONTINUITY),
                              to_radix::get_subrelation_label(to_radix::SR_RADIX_CONTINUITY));
 
    // Mutate the value
    trace.set(Column::to_radix_value, 4, 27);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix>(trace, to_radix::SR_VALUE_CONTINUITY),
                              to_radix::get_subrelation_label(to_radix::SR_VALUE_CONTINUITY));
 
    // Mutate the safe_limbs
    trace.set(Column::to_radix_safe_limbs, 3, 200);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix>(trace, to_radix::SR_SAFE_LIMBS_CONTINUITY),
                              to_radix::get_subrelation_label(to_radix::SR_SAFE_LIMBS_CONTINUITY));
}
 
// ToRadix Memory Tests
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, EmptyRow)
{
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(testing::empty_trace());
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, BasicTest)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(1337);
    uint32_t radix = 10;
    uint32_t num_limbs = 4;
    uint32_t dst_addr = 10;
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check - Dst > MAX_MEM = false
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            { C::gt_input_b, MAX_MEM },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return true
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            // Execution Trace (No gas)
            { C::execution_sel, 1 },
            { C::execution_sel_exec_dispatch_to_radix, 1 },
            { C::execution_register_0_, value },
            { C::execution_register_1_, radix },
            { C::execution_register_2_, num_limbs },
            { C::execution_register_3_, 0 }, // is_output_bits
            { C::execution_rop_4_, dst_addr },
            // To Radix Mem
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 0 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_num_limbs_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, FF(num_limbs).invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, value.invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
            // Output
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_decompose, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_index_to_lookup, num_limbs - 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_found, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_output_tag, static_cast<uint8_t>(MemoryTag::U8) },
 
            // GT check - 2 > radix = false
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, 2 },
            { C::gt_input_b, radix },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return false
        },
        // Row 2
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr + 1 },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs - 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 0 },
            // Control Flow
            // num_limbs_minus_one = (num_limbs - 1) - 1)
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, FF(num_limbs - 2).invert() },
            // Output
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, 3 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_decompose, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_index_to_lookup, num_limbs - 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_output_tag, static_cast<uint8_t>(MemoryTag::U8) },
            // GT check - Radix > 256 = false
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, radix },
            { C::gt_input_b, 256 },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return false
        },
        // Row 3
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr + 2 },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs - 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 0 },
            // Control Flow
            // num_limbs_minus_one = (num_limbs - 2) - 1)
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, FF(num_limbs - 3).invert() },
            // Output
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, 3 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_decompose, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_index_to_lookup, num_limbs - 3 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_output_tag, static_cast<uint8_t>(MemoryTag::U8) },
        },
        // Row 4
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, 13 },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs - 3 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 0 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            // Output
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, 7 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_decompose, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_index_to_lookup, num_limbs - 4 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_output_tag, static_cast<uint8_t>(MemoryTag::U8) },
        },
    });
 
    // Set the memory values and addresses
    MemoryAddress value_addr = 0xdeadbeef;
    MemoryAddress radix_addr = 0x12345678;
    MemoryAddress num_limbs_addr = 0xc0ffee;
    MemoryAddress is_output_bits_addr = 0xfeedface;
 
    std::vector<std::pair<MemoryAddress, MemoryValue>> memory_values = {
        { value_addr, MemoryValue::from<FF>(value) },
        { radix_addr, MemoryValue::from<uint32_t>(radix) },
        { num_limbs_addr, MemoryValue::from<uint32_t>(num_limbs) },
        { is_output_bits_addr, MemoryValue::from<uint1_t>(false) },
        { dst_addr, MemoryValue::from<uint8_t>(1) },
        { dst_addr + 1, MemoryValue::from<uint8_t>(3) },
        { dst_addr + 2, MemoryValue::from<uint8_t>(3) },
        { dst_addr + 3, MemoryValue::from<uint8_t>(7) },
    };
 
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memory_values.size(); ++i) {
        const auto& [addr, value] = memory_values[i];
        trace.set(i,
                  {
                      { { C::memory_sel, 1 },
                        { C::memory_space_id, 0 },
                        { C::memory_address, addr },
                        { C::memory_value, value.as_ff() },
                        { C::memory_tag, static_cast<uint8_t>(value.get_tag()) },
                        { C::memory_rw, i > 3 ? 1 : 0 } },
                  });
    }
 
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    NoopEventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
 
    PureGreaterThan gt;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    // Generate the events for the to_radix subtrace
    to_radix_simulator.to_le_radix(value, num_limbs, radix);
 
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    auto events = to_radix_event_emitter.get_events();
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
 
    PrecomputedTraceBuilder precomputed_builder;
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_safe_limbs(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_p_decompositions(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_misc(trace, NUM_RADIXES); // Needed for precomputed safe limbs table
 
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_all_interactions<ToRadixTraceBuilder>(trace);
 
    // Negative test: disable memory write after the start row:
    trace.set(Column::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 2, 0);
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_WRITE_MEM_CONTINUITY),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_WRITE_MEM_CONTINUITY));
 
    // Negative test: disable decomposition after the start row:
    trace.set(Column::to_radix_mem_sel_should_decompose, 2, 0);
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_DECOMPOSE_CONTINUITY),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_DECOMPOSE_CONTINUITY));
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, DstOutOfRange)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(1337);
    uint32_t radix = 10;
    uint32_t num_limbs = 2;
    auto dst_addr = static_cast<uint64_t>(MAX_MEM - 1); // This will cause an out-of-bounds error
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            { C::gt_input_b, MAX_MEM },
            { C::gt_res, 1 }, // GT should return true
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            // Execution Trace (No gas)
            { C::execution_sel, 1 },
            { C::execution_sel_exec_dispatch_to_radix, 1 },
            { C::execution_register_0_, value },
            { C::execution_register_1_, radix },
            { C::execution_register_2_, num_limbs },
            { C::execution_register_3_, 0 }, // is_output_bits
            { C::execution_rop_4_, dst_addr },
            { C::execution_sel_opcode_error, 1 },
 
            // To Radix Mem
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 0 },
            // Errors
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_dst_out_of_range_err, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_input_validation_error, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_err, 1 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_num_limbs_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, FF(num_limbs).invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, value.invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
        },
    });
 
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder, lookup_to_radix_mem_check_dst_addr_in_range_settings>(trace);
    check_interaction<ExecutionTraceBuilder, perm_execution_dispatch_to_to_radix_settings>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, InvalidRadix)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(1337);
    uint32_t radix = 0; // Invalid radix
    uint32_t num_limbs = 2;
    uint32_t dst_addr = 10;
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, 2 },
            { C::gt_input_b, radix },
            { C::gt_res, 1 }, // GT should return true
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 0 },
            // Errors
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_lt_2_err, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_input_validation_error, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_err, 1 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_num_limbs_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, FF(num_limbs).invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, value.invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
        },
    });
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder, lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_lt_2_settings>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, InvalidBitwiseRadix)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(1337);
    uint32_t radix = 3; // Invalid radix since is_output_bits is true
    uint32_t num_limbs = 2;
    uint32_t dst_addr = 10;
    bool is_output_bits = true;
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, 2 },
            { C::gt_input_b, radix },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return false
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, is_output_bits ? 1 : 0 },
            // Errors
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_invalid_bitwise_radix, 1 }, // Invalid bitwise radix
            { C::to_radix_mem_input_validation_error, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_err, 1 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_num_limbs_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, FF(num_limbs).invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, value.invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
        },
    });
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder, lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_lt_2_settings>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, InvalidNumLimbsForValue)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(1337);
    uint32_t radix = 3;
    uint32_t num_limbs = 0; // num limbs should not be 0 if value != 0
    uint32_t dst_addr = 10;
    bool is_output_bits = false;
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, 2 },
            { C::gt_input_b, radix },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return false
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, is_output_bits ? 1 : 0 },
            // Errors
            { C::to_radix_mem_input_validation_error, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_err, 1 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_num_limbs_is_zero, 1 }, // num limbs is zero
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, value.invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
        },
    });
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder, lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_lt_2_settings>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, TruncationError)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(1337);
    uint32_t radix = 10;
    uint32_t num_limbs = 3;
    uint32_t dst_addr = 10;
    bool is_output_bits = false;
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, 2 },
            { C::gt_input_b, radix },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return false
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, is_output_bits ? 1 : 0 },
            // Errors
            { C::to_radix_mem_err, 1 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Decomposition
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_decompose, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_index_to_lookup, num_limbs - 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, 3 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_found, 0 },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, FF(num_limbs).invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, value.invert() },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
        },
    });
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder, lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_lt_2_settings>(trace);
 
    // Negative test: truncation error should be on if found = false on the start row
    trace.set(C::to_radix_mem_err, 1, 0);
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_ERR_COMPUTATION),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_ERR_COMPUTATION));
    trace.set(C::to_radix_mem_err, 1, 1);
 
    // Negative test: truncation error can't be on if found = true on the start row
    trace.set(C::to_radix_mem_value_found, 1, 1);
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_ERR_COMPUTATION),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_ERR_COMPUTATION));
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, ZeroNumLimbsAndZeroValueIsNoop)
{
    // Values
    FF value = FF(0);
    uint32_t radix = 3;
    uint32_t num_limbs = 0; // num limbs can be zero since value is zero
    uint32_t dst_addr = 10;
    bool is_output_bits = false;
 
    TestTraceContainer trace = TestTraceContainer({
        // Row 0
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
            // GT check
            { C::gt_sel, 1 },
            { C::gt_input_a, 2 },
            { C::gt_input_b, radix },
            { C::gt_res, 0 }, // GT should return false
        },
        // Row 1
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_max_mem_size, MAX_MEM },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two, 2 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_two_five_six, 256 },
            // Memory Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, dst_addr },
            { C::to_radix_mem_write_addr_upper_bound, dst_addr + num_limbs },
            // To Radix Inputs
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_to_decompose, value },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix, radix },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs, num_limbs },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, is_output_bits ? 1 : 0 },
            // Control Flow
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_last, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_minus_one_inv, num_limbs - 1 == 0 ? 0 : FF(num_limbs - 1).invert() },
            // Helpers
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_num_limbs_is_zero, 1 }, // num limbs is zero
            { C::to_radix_mem_num_limbs_inv, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_value_is_zero, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_value_inv, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_radix_min_two_inv, (FF(radix) - FF(2)).invert() },
        },
    });
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder, lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_lt_2_settings>(trace);
}
 
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, ComplexTest)
{
    EventEmitter<ToRadixEvent> to_radix_event_emitter;
    EventEmitter<ToRadixMemoryEvent> to_radix_mem_event_emitter;
    EventEmitter<RangeCheckEvent> range_check_emitter;
    EventEmitter<GreaterThanEvent> gt_emitter;
 
    simulation::MemoryStore memory;
    StrictMock<MockExecutionIdManager> execution_id_manager;
    StrictMock<MockFieldGreaterThan> field_gt;
    RangeCheck range_check(range_check_emitter);
    GreaterThan gt(field_gt, range_check, gt_emitter);
    EXPECT_CALL(execution_id_manager, get_execution_id()).WillOnce(Return(0)).WillOnce(Return(1));
    ToRadixSimulator to_radix_simulator(execution_id_manager, gt, to_radix_event_emitter, to_radix_mem_event_emitter);
 
    FF value = FF::neg_one();
    uint32_t radix = 2;
    uint32_t num_limbs = 256;
    MemoryAddress dst_addr = 10;
    bool is_output_bits = true;
    // Two calls to test transitions between contiguous chunks of computation
    to_radix_simulator.to_be_radix(memory, value, radix, num_limbs, is_output_bits, dst_addr);
    to_radix_simulator.to_be_radix(
        memory, /*value=*/FF(1337), /*radix=*/10, /*num_limbs=*/6, /*is_output_bits=*/false, /*dst_addr=*/0xdeadbeef);
 
    TestTraceContainer trace;
    ToRadixTraceBuilder builder;
    builder.process(to_radix_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
    builder.process_with_memory(to_radix_mem_event_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
 
    GreaterThanTraceBuilder gt_builder;
    gt_builder.process(gt_emitter.dump_events(), trace);
 
    PrecomputedTraceBuilder precomputed_builder;
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_safe_limbs(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_to_radix_p_decompositions(trace);
    precomputed_builder.process_misc(trace, NUM_RADIXES); // Needed for precomputed safe limbs table
 
    check_relation<to_radix>(trace);
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace);
    // Skip the memory writes
    check_interaction<ToRadixTraceBuilder,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_less_than_radix_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_fetch_safe_limbs_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_fetch_p_limb_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_limb_p_diff_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_mem_input_output_to_radix_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_mem_check_dst_addr_in_range_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_lt_2_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_mem_check_radix_gt_256_settings,
                      lookup_to_radix_mem_input_output_to_radix_settings>(trace);
}
 
// =====================================================================
// Ghost Row Injection Vulnerability Tests
// =====================================================================
// These tests verify that ghost rows (sel=0) cannot fire permutations.
// The fix: sel_should_write_mem * (1 - sel) = 0 ensures sel_should_write_mem
// is forced to 0 when sel=0, preventing ghost rows from firing permutations.
 
// Test that ghost rows (sel=0) cannot set sel_should_write_mem=1
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, NegativeGhostRowMemoryWrite_RelationsOnly)
{
    // Try to create a ghost row (sel=0) with sel_should_write_mem=1
    // which would fire the #[WRITE_MEM] permutation
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        {
            { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
        },
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 0 },                  // Ghost row: gadget not active
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 1 }, // Try to fire memory write anyway
            { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, 100 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, 999 }, // Arbitrary limb value
            { C::to_radix_mem_output_tag, 2 },   // U8 tag
        },
    });
 
    // The fix: sel_should_write_mem * (1 - sel) = 0
    // When sel=0 and sel_should_write_mem=1: 1 * (1-0) = 1 != 0 -> FAILS
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_WRITE_MEM_REQUIRES_SEL),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_WRITE_MEM_REQUIRES_SEL));
}
 
// Test that the fix blocks ghost row injection attacks with full traces.
// Attack pattern:
// 1. Create legitimate memory WRITE events (destination side)
// 2. Build memory trace from those events
// 3. Inject ghost to_radix_mem row with sel=0 but sel_should_write_mem=1
// 4. The fix should cause the relation check to fail
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, NegativeGhostRowInjectionBlocked)
{
    TestTraceContainer trace;
    MemoryTraceBuilder memory_trace_builder;
    PrecomputedTraceBuilder precomputed_trace_builder;
 
    // Attacker-controlled values
    uint32_t malicious_clk = 42;
    uint16_t malicious_space_id = 1;
    MemoryAddress malicious_addr = 0xDEAD;
    uint8_t malicious_limb_value = 0x99;
    MemoryTag malicious_tag = MemoryTag::U8;
 
    // Create legitimate memory events
    std::vector<simulation::MemoryEvent> mem_events = {
        {
            .execution_clk = malicious_clk,
            .mode = simulation::MemoryMode::WRITE,
            .addr = malicious_addr,
            .value = MemoryValue::from_tag(malicious_tag, malicious_limb_value),
            .space_id = malicious_space_id,
        },
    };
 
    // Build memory trace (destination side)
    precomputed_trace_builder.process_sel_range_8(trace);
    precomputed_trace_builder.process_sel_range_16(trace);
    precomputed_trace_builder.process_misc(trace, 1 << 16);
    precomputed_trace_builder.process_tag_parameters(trace);
    memory_trace_builder.process(mem_events, trace);
 
    // Find where the memory row was placed
    uint32_t memory_row = 0;
    for (uint32_t row = 0; row < trace.get_num_rows(); row++) {
        if (trace.get(C::memory_sel, row) == 1) {
            memory_row = row;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    // Inject ghost to_radix_mem row
    // Ghost row: sel = 0, but sel_should_write_mem = 1 (attack attempt)
    uint32_t ghost_row = 0;
    trace.set(ghost_row,
              std::vector<std::pair<Column, FF>>{
                  { C::precomputed_first_row, 1 },
                  { C::execution_clk, ghost_row },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 0 },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_sel_should_write_mem, 1 },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_execution_clk, malicious_clk },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_space_id, malicious_space_id },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_dst_addr, malicious_addr },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_limb_value, malicious_limb_value },
                  { C::to_radix_mem_output_tag, static_cast<uint8_t>(malicious_tag) },
              });
 
    trace.set(C::memory_sel_to_radix_write, memory_row, 1);
 
    // The fix: sel_should_write_mem * (1 - sel) = 0 should cause the relation check to fail
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_SEL_SHOULD_WRITE_MEM_REQUIRES_SEL));
}
 
// We test that the bitwise radix error must not be raised when is_output_bits is true and radix is 2
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, NegativeBitwiseRadixError)
{
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 1 },
        },
    });
 
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_IS_OUTPUT_BITS_IMPLY_RADIX_2);
 
    // Activate maliciously the sel_invalid_bitwise_radix flag
    trace.set(C::to_radix_mem_sel_invalid_bitwise_radix, 0, 1);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_IS_OUTPUT_BITS_IMPLY_RADIX_2),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_IS_OUTPUT_BITS_IMPLY_RADIX_2));
}
 
// We test that the bitwise radix error must be raised when is_output_bits is true and radix is not 2
TEST(ToRadixMemoryConstrainingTest, NegativeBitwiseRadixNoError)
{
    TestTraceContainer trace({
        {
            { C::to_radix_mem_start, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_radix_eq_2, 0 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_is_output_bits, 1 },
            { C::to_radix_mem_sel_invalid_bitwise_radix, 1 },
        },
    });
 
    check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_IS_OUTPUT_BITS_IMPLY_RADIX_2);
 
    // De-activate maliciously the sel_invalid_bitwise_radix flag
    trace.set(C::to_radix_mem_sel_invalid_bitwise_radix, 0, 0);
 
    EXPECT_THROW_WITH_MESSAGE(check_relation<to_radix_mem>(trace, to_radix_mem::SR_IS_OUTPUT_BITS_IMPLY_RADIX_2),
                              to_radix_mem::get_subrelation_label(to_radix_mem::SR_IS_OUTPUT_BITS_IMPLY_RADIX_2));
}
 
} // namespace
 
} // namespace bb::avm2::constraining